Incidencia de la insuficiencia venosa periférica en profesionales de la enfermería / Incidence of peripheral venous insufficiency in nursing professionals

Introducción: La insuficiencia venosa periférica tiene una prevalencia aproximada del 60 % en profesionales de la enfermería. Objetivo: Estimar la incidencia de la insuficiencia venosa periférica de los profesionales de enfermería del Hospital Pediátrico Docente Provincial "Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña". Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente Provincial "Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña" de Camagüey durante el primer semestre de 2022. El universo estuvo constituido por 272 enfermeros y la muestra quedó conformada por los 154 que cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Las variables estudiadas incluyeron: sexo, grupo etario, síntomas referidos, signos clínicos desarrollados, factores de riesgo modificables y no modificables, y medidas utilizadas para evitar el progreso de la enfermedad. El estudio fue aprobado en el Consejo Científico, el Comité de Ética del Hospital y se tuvieron en cuenta los principios de la Declaración de Helsinki. Los datos se expresaron en cantidad y porcentaje. Resultados: Existió predominio del sexo femenino (98,1 por ciento), el grupo etario 50-59 años (43,5 por ciento), y, como signos principales, el cansancio (55,8 por ciento) y la telangiectasia (72,2 por ciento). La bipedestación prolongada (92,9 por ciento) resultó el primordial factor de riesgo modificable, mientras que la hipertensión arterial se presentó en los no modificables (33,8 por ciento). El 40,3 por ciento refirió el uso de medias de compresión para evitar el progreso de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: Se determinó una alta incidencia de várices en el personal de enfermería femenino, de edad avanzada, asociado a factores de riesgo ocupacional como la bipedestación prolongada y el sedentarismo(AU)

Introduction: Peripheral venous insufficiency has an approximate prevalence of 60 % in nursing professionals. Objective: To estimate the incidence of peripheral venous insufficiency in nursing professionals at "Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña" Provincial Teaching Pediatric Hospital. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted at "Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña" Provincial Teaching Pediatric Hospital in Camagüey province during the first semester of 2022. The universe consisted of 272 nurses and the sample was made up of 154 who met the selection criteria. The variables studied included: sex, age group, referred symptoms, developed clinical signs, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, and measures used to prevent disease progression. The study was approved by the Scientific Council, the Hospital Ethics Committee and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki were taken into account. Data were expressed in quantity and percentage. Results: There was a predominance of female sex (98.1 percent), the age group 50-59 years (43.5 percent), and, as main signs, fatigue (55.8 percent) and telangiectasia (72.2 percent). Prolonged standing (92.9 percent) was the primary modifiable risk factor, while hypertension was present in the non-modifiable ones (33.8 percent). 40.3 percent reported the use of compression stockings to prevent the progression of the disease. Conclusions: A high incidence of varicose veins was determined in female nursing staff, of advanced age, associated with occupational risk factors such as prolonged standing and sedentary lifestyle(AU)

Manejo del Síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay: reporte de caso / Management of Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome: case report / Manejo da Síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay: relato de caso

El Síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay se constituye en una malformación vascular compleja con una incidencia de 2 a 3 casos por cada 100.000 nacidos vivos, clínicamente presenta una triada clásica: manchas cutáneas en vino de Oporto, venas varicosas de localización atípica e hipertrofia ósea y de tejidos blandos. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 33 años, sin antecedentes patológicos o quirúrgicos de importancia quien acude a consulta por aumento de volumen de la extremidad derecha, mancha violácea ipsilateral, además de dolor y parestesias. Al examen físico se evidencia aumento longitudinal de miembro inferior derecho, nevus hiperpigmentario en cara lateral de pierna derecha y muslo que se extiende al glúteo ipsilateral además de venas varicosas atípicas. Se practica ecografía Doppler venosa con transductor lineal que reporta incompetencia de vena Safena Mayor y perforantes suprageniculares. Se realizó manejo quirúrgico mediante safenectomía, corrección de deformidad y referencia a dermatología para terapia láser por el nevus hiperpigmentario. La paciente mostró evolución clínico - quirúrgica favorable con remisión de la sintomatología que motivó su consulta.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is a complex vascular malformation with an incidence of 2 to 3 cases per 100,000 live births. Clinically, it presents a classic triad: port-wine stains, varicose veins of atypical location and bone and soft tissue hypertrophy. We present the case of a 33-year-old female patient, with no pathologic or surgical history of importance, who comes to the clinic for an increase in volume of the right extremity, ipsilateral violaceous spot, in addition to pain and paresthesia. Physical examination revealed longitudinal enlargement of the right lower limb, hyperpigmented nevus on the lateral aspect of the right leg and thigh extending to the ipsilateral buttock and atypical varicose veins. Venous Doppler ultrasound with linear transducer reported incompetence of the greater saphenous vein and supragenicular perforators. Surgical management was performed by saphenectomy, deformity correction and referral to dermatology for laser therapy for hyperpigmented nevus. The patient showed favorable clinical-surgical evolution with remission of the symptomatology that motivated her consultation.

A síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay é uma malformação vascular complexa com uma incidência de 2 a 3 casos por 100.000 nascidos vivos. Clinicamente, apresenta uma tríade clássica: manchas vinho do porto, veias varicosas de localização atípica e hipertrofia óssea e de tecidos moles. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 33 anos, sem histórico patológico ou cirúrgico de importância, que consultou por aumento de volume do membro direito, mancha violácea ipsilateral, além de dor e parestesia. O exame físico revelou aumento longitudinal do membro inferior direito, nevo hiperpigmentado na face lateral da perna e coxa direitas, estendendo-se até a nádega ipsilateral e veias varicosas atípicas. Foi realizado ultrassom Doppler venoso com transdutor linear, que relatou incompetência da veia safena magna e das perfurantes suprageniculares. O tratamento cirúrgico foi realizado por meio de safenectomia, correção da deformidade e encaminhamento à dermatologia para terapia a laser para nevo hiperpigmentado. A paciente apresentou uma evolução clínico-cirúrgica favorável com remissão dos sintomas que a levaram à consulta.

Brazilian guidelines on chronic venous disease of the Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery / Diretriz brasileira de doença venosa crônica da Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular

Abstract The Brazilian Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery has set up a committee to provide new evidence-based recommendations for patient care associated with chronic venous insufficiency. Topics were divided in five groups: 1. Classification, 2. Diagnosis, 3. Conservative or non-invasive treatment, 4. Invasive treatment and 5. Treatment of small vessels. This last series is closely related to the activities of Brazilian angiologists and vascular surgeons, who are heavily involved in the treatment of small superficial veins. These guidelines are intended to assist in clinical decision-making for attending physicians and health managers. The decision to follow a guideline recommendation should be made by the responsible physician on a case-by-case basis taking into account the patient's specific condition, as well as local resources, regulations, laws, and clinical practice recommendations.

Resumo A Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular organizou uma comissão para fornecer novas recomendações baseadas em evidências sobre questões críticas de atendimento ao paciente com insuficiência venosa crônica. São abordados aqui os temas de classificação, diagnóstico, tratamento conservador, tratamento invasivo e tratamento de pequenos vasos. Esta última série está muito relacionada à atividade de angiologistas e cirurgiões vasculares, que possuem forte atuação no tratamento de pequenas veias superficiais. Estas diretrizes destinam-se a auxiliar na tomada de decisões clínicas de médicos assistentes e gestores de saúde. A decisão de seguir uma recomendação de diretriz deve ser feita pelo médico responsável caso a caso, levando em consideração a condição específica do paciente, bem como recursos locais, regulamentos, leis e recomendações de prática clínica.

Clinical study on modified Guipi Decoction combined with omeprazole in the treatment of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding with failure of the spleen to control blood vessels syndrome / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of modified Guipi Decoction combined with omeprazole in the treatment of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANVUGIB) with failure of the spleen to control blood vessels syndrome.Methods:Prospective cohort study. A total of 120 patients from January 2018 to December 2021 Taihe County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine with ANVUGIB of failure of the spleen to control blood vessels syndrome were selected, and the patients were divided into observation group and control group according to the random number table method, with 60 cases in each group. The control group was treated with a large dosage of proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole injection was injected intravenously first, and then omeprazole enteric coated tablets were taken); the observation group took Guipi Decoction on the basis of the control group, and both groups were treated for 7 days. TCM syndrome score, Hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (HCT) levels were measured by colorimetry before and after the treatment. BUN was detected by urease glutamate dehydrogenase method. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and fibrinogen (FIB) levels were detected by immunoturbidimetry. The adverse reactions during treatment were recorded and the clinical efficacy was evaluated.Results:Two patients in the observation group and two patients in the control group dropped out of the study. After treatment, the scores of main symptoms, secondary symptoms and total scores in the observation group were lower than those in the control group ( t values were respectively 10.73, 4.45, 7.98, P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of HCT [(41.25 ± 5.03)% vs. (38.19 ± 5.26)%, t=2.95], Hb [(81.09 ± 5.23) g/L vs. (78.39 ± 5.37) g/L, t=2.74] in the observation group were higher than those in the control group ( P<0.01), and BUN [(4.38±0.96) mmol/L vs. (5.39 ± 1.13) mmol/L, t=5.19] was lower than that in the control group ( P<0.01); PT [(12.48 ± 0.67) s vs. (13.22 ± 0.73) s, t=5.69], APTT [(24.66 ± 2.29) s vs. (27.78 ± 2.04) s, t=7.75] were lower than those in the control group ( P<0.01), and FIB [(3.68 ± 0.62) g/L vs. (3.41 ± 0.74) g/L, t=2.13] level was higher than that in the control group ( P<0.05). The total effective rate of the observation group was 93.1% (54/58), and that of the control group was 79.3% (46/58), with statistical significance ( χ2=4.64, P=0.031). During the treatment, the incidence of adverse reactions in the control group was 3.4% (2/58), while that in the observation group was 1.7% (1/58), without statistical significance ( χ2=0.34, P=0.559). Conclusion:High-dosage omeprazole treatment with the addition of internal administration of Guipi Decoction can significantly improve coagulation function, correct the signs and symptoms associated with insufficient blood volume in the body circulation, improve hemostatic efficiency, and reduce the risk of bleeding in patients with ANVUGIB, without increasing the risk of patient safety with the drug.

Influence of compression therapy following varicose vein surgery: a prospective randomized study / Influência da terapia compressiva no pós-operatório de flebectomia: um estudo prospectivo e randomizado

Abstract Background The use of compression dressings after phlebectomy is based solely on clinical experience due to the lack of a unified set of definitive recommendations, which makes clinical practice extremely heterogeneous. Objectives To evaluate compression therapy with elastic stockings for 7 days after phlebectomy. Methods We randomly allocated 104 lower limbs with disease classified as C1 and C2 to 1 of 2 groups: an intervention group (64 limbs) - wearing elastic compression stockings for the first 7 days after phlebectomy; or a control group (40 limbs) - given conventional bandaging for 24 hours postoperatively. We compared clinical response by analyzing the evolution of symptoms, hematoma formation, and preoperative vs. postoperative limb volume. Results Pain (median 1.0 vs. 1.5, p=0.0320) and limb volume (mean 43.7 vs. 99.8, p=0.0071) were significantly improved in patients wearing elastic compression stockings for 7 days after phlebectomy compared with controls. Conclusions Use of elastic compression therapy for 7 days after phlebectomy was effective for improving pain and lower limb volume.

Resumo Contexto O uso de curativos após flebectomia é baseado apenas na experiência clínica, visto que não existe um conjunto unificado de recomendações definitivas, o que torna a prática clínica extremamente variável. Objetivos Avaliar o uso de terapia elástica compressiva por 7 dias após flebectomia. Métodos Cento e quatro membros inferiores, classificados como CEAP C1 e C2, foram randomizados em dois grupos: grupo de intervenção (64 membros) - uso de meia elástica por 24 horas após a cirurgia - e grupo controle (40 membros) - uso de curativo convencional por 7 dias após a cirurgia. A resposta clínica foi comparada por meio de análise da evolução dos sintomas, de hematoma e do volume dos membros antes e depois da cirurgia. Resultados Os pacientes submetidos a terapia compressiva elástica apresentaram melhora significativa na dor (mediana 1,0 vs. 1,5; p=0,0320) e no volume dos membros (média 43,7 vs. 99,8; p=0,0071) em comparação ao grupo controle. Conclusões O emprego da terapia compressiva elástica por 7 dias após flebectomia mostrou-se efetivo na melhora da dor e do volume dos membros inferiores.

Taxa de oclusão em veias safenas pós-endolaser de 1.470 nm e efeitos colaterais no seguimento de 1 ano / Rate of saphenous vein occlusion and side effects at 1 year follow up after 1470 nm endolaser

Resumo Contexto O uso do endolaser para doença venosa crônica envolve a escolha do comprimento de onda, fibra óptica e energia dispensada. Sua eficácia é avaliada pela taxa de oclusão venosa e, a segurança, pelos efeitos colaterais. Objetivos Demonstrar a incidência de oclusões venosas totais de veias safenas pós-endolaser no seguimento de 1 ano. Descrever a incidência e os efeitos colaterais e a necessidade de reintervenção ou complemento da terapêutica no pós-operatório. Métodos Estudo observacional retrospectivo de uma coorte com abordagem quantitativa de pacientes com insuficiência das veias safenas tratados com laser ablação endovenosa de 1.470 nm. Dados cadastrados em planilha MS Excel 2019, com cálculos de médias e desvios padrão pelo suplemento Power Query do Software. Resultados Foram elegíveis para o estudo 38 pacientes e 104 segmentos venosos, dos quais 100% estavam ocluídos em 30 dias e 99,04% em 1 ano pós-procedimento. O Linear Endovenous Energy Density médio para safena interna foi de 2.040,52 W/cm/s com desvio padrão ± 1.510,06 W/cm/s e 1.168,4 W/cm/s com desvio padrão de ± 665,011 W/cm/s para safena externa. Dor no trajeto da safena foi o principal efeito colateral, com oito casos (21,05%), seguido de parestesia, com um caso (2,63%). Conclusões Taxa de oclusão total no seguimento de 1 ano sugerindo técnica promissora e com atual aplicabilidade na amostra. A incidência da dor e parestesia podem ser justificadas pela alta média de energia utilizada em alguns casos. Recomenda-se a realização de estudos multicêntricos, com amostras maiores e mais homogêneas em relação à classificação Clínica-Etiológica-Anatômica-Patológica.

Abstract Background Use of endolaser for chronic venous disease involves choosing the laser wavelength and optical fiber to use and the quantity of energy to be administered. Efficacy is assessed by the venous occlusion rate and safety is evaluated in terms of side effects. Objectives To determine the incidence of total post-endolaser saphenous vein occlusion at 1-year follow-up. To describe side effects and their incidence and rates of reintervention or supplementary treatment during the postoperative period. Methods A retrospective, observational cohort study with a quantitative approach, enrolling patients with saphenous vein incompetence treated with intravenous 1,470 nm laser ablation. Data were input to an MS Excel 2019 spreadsheet, calculating means and standard deviations with the software's Power Query supplement. Results 38 patients and 104 venous segments were eligible for the study. 100% were occluded at 30 days and 99.04% were still occluded at 1 year after the procedure. Mean Linear Endovenous Energy Density administered to the internal saphenous vein was 2,040.52 W/cm/s with standard deviation of ± 1,510.06 W/cm/s and 1,168.4 W/cm/s with standard deviation of ± 665.011 W/cm/s was administered to the external saphenous vein. Pain along the saphenous path was the most common side effect, with eight cases (21.05%), followed by one case of paresthesia (2.63%). Conclusions The total occlusion rate at 1-year follow-up suggests the technique is promising and is currently applicable in this sample. The incidence of pain and paresthesia may be caused by the high mean energy delivered in some cases. It is recommended that multicenter studies be conducted with larger and more uniform samples in terms of their Clinical-Etiological-Anatomical-Pathological classifications.

OUTCOME OF ULTRASOUND GUIDED FOAM SCLEROTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF VARICOSE VEINS

Varicose veins are one associated aspect of evolution that humans could have happily lived without. It's almost certainly the price we pay for the two-legged erect posture. Though we have achieved cure for various diseases, till now no reliable cure has been found for venous insufficiency.The gold standard for treating chronic venous insufficiency has been surgery. The surgeon dealing with varicose veins has always had to strike a balance between an aesthetically pleasing outcome and a low rate of recurrence and complications. Sclerotherapy, which was first used over 150 years ago, is still the most efficient method for permanently removing pathologically swollen as well as cosmetically unpleasant but otherwise normal veins.Foam sclerotherapy, in which the sclerosant is mixed with air or physiological gases, is more effective than direct injection of sclerosants, because the agent's contact with the endothelium is prolonged by the air in the foam. The use of foam sclerotherapy for big veins has reduced recurrence rates. Large-scale researches have demonstrated the safety of foam sclerotherapy. Foam sclerotherapy has a recurrence rate that is comparable to surgery. The efficacy of foam sclerotherapy has been variable as per different studies across different institutions

Protocolo de cuidados em pacientes com úlceras vasculogênicas em membros inferiores na atenção primária à saúde: um relato de caso / Management of patients with lower limb ulcers in primary care: an experience report / Protocolo de manejo de pacientes con úlceras venosas crónicas en miembros inferiores en atención primaria de salud: un reporte de experiencia

As úlceras, também conhecidas como feridas, são danos superficiais ao tecido cutâneo ou mucoso. As ulcerações são denominadas crônicas quando, após determinado período, não apresentam resolução. Lesões ulceradas que afetam os membros inferiores podem apresentar diversas etiologias, desde doenças infectocontagiosas, neoplásicas, inflamatórias até vasculares. Assim, este é um relato de caso sobre uma usuária do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com úlcera venosa crônica que, após diversas experiências negativas de tratamento, foi submetida a procedimento sistematizado a partir da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) da cidade de Morro do Chapéu (BA). No município, verificou-se a prevalência de casos de úlceras venosas crônicas sem resolutividade acompanhados na APS. No entanto, em 2018, a partir da iniciativa de uma equipe da APS, foi estabelecido um fluxo de atendimento primário e secundário no intuito de tratar com eficácia as úlceras venosas, associando medidas farmacológicas e terapia de compressão e, nos casos mais graves, a escleroterapia. Assim, por meio de atendimento humanizado visando restaurar a qualidade de vida da população, foi possível recuperar os indivíduos de lesões crônicas.

Ulcers, commonly known as sores, are superficial damage to skin or mucosal tissue. Ulcerations are classified as chronic when they do not heal after a certain period. Lower limb ulcers can have different etiologies, from infectious, neoplastic, inflammatory to vascular diseases. Thus, this experience report discusses the case of a Unified Health System (SUS) user with chronic venous ulcer who, after several negative treatment experiences, underwent systematized treatment at the Primary Health Care (PHC) of the municipality of Morro do Chapéu, Bahia, Brazil. The municipality had a prevalence of cases of unresolved conical venous ulcers managed by PHC. But in 2018, a PHC team established a flow of primary and secondary care to effectively treat venous ulcers by associating pharmacological measures and compression therapy and, for severe cases, sclerotherapy. Thus, through humanized care aimed at restoring the population's quality of life, it was possible to recover individuals from chronic injuries.

Las úlceras que también se conocen como llagas son daños superficiales en la piel o la membrana mucosa. Las ulceraciones se denominan crónicas cuando después de cierto tiempo no se resuelven. Las lesiones ulceradas, que afectan a los miembros inferiores, pueden tener diferentes etiologías, como enfermedades infecciosas, neoplásicas, inflamatorias y vasculares. Así, este estudio es un reporte de caso de una usuaria del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) con úlcera venosa crónica que, después de varias experiencias negativas de tratamiento, fue sometida a un tratamiento sistematizado de la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) del municipio de Morro do Chapéu, en Bahía (Brasil). En la ciudad, hubo prevalencia de casos de úlceras venosas crónicas sin resolución seguidas por la APS. Sin embargo, en 2018, a partir de la iniciativa de un equipo de APS, se estableció un flujo de atención primaria y secundaria para tratar eficazmente las úlceras venosas que asociaban medidas farmacológicas con terapia compresiva y, en los casos más graves, escleroterapia. Así, por medio de la atención humanizada dirigida a restaurar la calidad de vida de la población, fue posible recuperar a individuos con lesiones crónicas.

A PROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONSERVATIVE AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF VARICOSE VEINS

Introduction : Varicose Veins are Defined as “ Permanently Elongated, Dilated vein/veins withtortuous path causing pathological circulation”.Varicose veins can develop anywhere in the bodybut are most commonly seen in the lower limbs. A detailed knowledge of the mechanism ofhemodynamic failure and the underlying anatomy is important in deciding treatment of the patientwith chronic venous disease.Methodology : The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between differentcomplications of varicose veins and Recurrence rate of Complications with the treatmentundergone by the patient. Total 30 patients were randomly assigned to Conservative management(i.e. Limb End Elevation, Elastic Stockings Application & Intermittent Bed rest to avoid prolongedStanding) or Surgical management (i.e. Trendelenburg Operation with Great Saphenous VeinStripping).Special focus was given to the follow-up visit of the patients who were asked to be present forreview every week, till two months so as to be vigilant regarding the occurrence of complications.Results : Out of 30 patients, 15 were treated surgically while 15 were treated conservatively. Eleven(11) patients in total developed some complications in post treatment part. The commonestcomplication observed in post surgical patients was haematoma. Recurrence of Varicosity wasseen in 4 patients who were previously managed conservatively. A single case of wound infectionand ulcer formation were observed in each respectively. Out of the 11 patients who had developedsome complications, 5 patients had undergone surgical management, while 6 patients hadundergone conservative management.Conclusion : Surgical Intervention is better than conservative management in Varicose veins. Therate of complications / recurrence over a 2 months period was less in the surgical group than in thegroup managed by conservative therapy.

Insuficiencia venosa crónica en el adulto mayor / Chronic venous insufficiency in the elderly

RESUMEN La insuficiencia venosa crónica (IVC) es una patología vascular frecuente en el adulto mayor, y genera dificultades en su diagnóstico y tratamiento debido a la presencia de comorbilidades. Se realizó una revisión narrativa a partir de la búsqueda en cinco bases de datos: PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, Clinical Key (Elsevier) y Ebsco. En la población geriátrica se presentan estadios más severos de la enfermedad, como el edema y los cambios tróficos en la pierna, debido a la preexistencia de enfermedad venosa crónica. Los principales factores de riesgo de progresión de la enfermedad son la obesidad, la movilidad limitada y las comorbilidades. El diagnóstico se basa en la sospecha clínica y su confirmación con eco Doppler venoso de miembros inferiores. En el diagnóstico diferencial debe considerarse causas sistémicas de edema de miembros inferiores como la insuficiencia cardíaca, disfunción renal o hepática, y el uso de medicamentos hipertensivos. Otros diagnósticos diferenciales son linfedema, trombosis venosa subclínica, y dolor crónico de miembros inferiores. El tratamiento incluye la educación del paciente, medias de compresión, tratamiento médico y quirúrgico. En conclusión, la insuficiencia venosa crónica es una enfermedad frecuente y de mayor severidad en los pacientes de edad avanzada. La obesidad, la poca movilidad y las comorbilidades son los factores de riesgo asociados a la progresión de la enfermedad. La educación del paciente, el uso de medias de compresión y la terapia con flebotónicos son eficaces en el tratamiento. El tratamiento quirúrgico / endovenoso tiene buena efectividad en paciente de edad avanzada que padecen de IVC.

SUMMARY Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a frequent vascular pathology in the elderly and generates difficulties in its diagnosis and treatment due to the presence of comorbidities. A narrative review was carried out from the search in five databases: PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, Clinical Key (Elsevier) and Ebsco. In the geriatric population, more severe stages of the disease occur, such as edema and trophic changes in the leg, due to the pre-existence of chronic venous disease. The main risk factors for disease progression are obesity, limited mobility and comorbidities. Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion and confirmation with venous echo Doppler of the lower limbs. Systemic causes of lower limb edema such as heart failure, renal or hepatic dysfunction, and the use of hypertensive medications should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Other differential diagnoses are lymphedema, subclinical venous thrombosis, and chronic lower limb pain. Treatment includes patient education, compression stockings, medical and surgical treatment. In conclusion, chronic venous insufficiency is a frequent and more severe disease in elderly patients. Obesity, poor mobility and comorbidities are the risk factors associated with the progression of the disease. Patient education, use of compression stockings, and phlebotonics are effective in treatment. Surgical / endovenous treatment has good effectiveness in elderly patients suffering from CVI.

A CASE OF ANTEPARTUM HEMORRHAGE DUE TO EXTRA PLACENTAL CAUSE –RUPTURED VAGINAL VARICES

Vaginal varix during pregnancy is a rare condition that may be a concern for hemorrhage risk during childbirth.A 32yr old female G3P2L2 with NVD at 30 weeks of gestational age presented to OBG Department (Labor Room)with massive vaginal bleeding without known history of trauma nor any evidence of Placenta previa. On examination: Vital status is unstable and upon pelvic inspection- A stream of blood through a ruptured vein in vagina(Vaginal varices). Immediately vein is clamped with artery forceps and patient is stabilized by crystalloids, Dopamine, Nor-adrenaline and 4 PRBC transfusion and under short general anesthesia (ketamine) transvaginal ligation of vaginal varices is done and pregnancy is prolonged in view of threatened preterm labor( by Isoxsuprine)and terminated by 37 weeks of gestational age by EL.LSCS., Spontaneous resolution of vaginal varices occurred.

Experimental study on the relationship between foam pressure difference and foam stability / 生物医学工程学杂志

Foam stability affects the efficacy and incidence of side effects of foam sclerotherapy. Exploring the relationship between foam pressure difference and foam stability can provide ideas and basis for obtaining more stable foam. In the experiment, sodium cod liver oleate foam was selected, and poloxamer 188 (concentration of 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%) was added to realize the change of foam pressure. By using the self-written program to process the foam pictures, the foam pressure difference and the relationship between the foam stability indicators (water separation rate curve, half-life) and the foam pressure difference were obtained. The results showed that at first the foam pressure increased with the increase of the concentration, and then it decreased with the increase of the concentration and reached a peak at the concentration of 4%. The foam pressure difference decreases continuously with the increase of decay time. When the additive concentration is low, the foam average pressure difference increases. And if the additive concentration is too high, the foam average pressure difference decreases. The smaller the foam pressure difference is, the better the foam stability is. This paper lays a foundation for the research on the stability of foam hardener.

Comparison between Liaoning scoring system and three other non-invasive scoring systems in the prediction of high-risk esophageal varices and hemorrhage or re-hemorrhage in patients with liver cirrhosis / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective:To compare the value of Liaoning scoring system, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD), model for end-stage liver disease-Na (MELD-Na) and Blatchford score in predicting high-risk esophageal varices (EVs), hemorrhage or re-hemorrhage within 1 year and blood transfusion treatment in cirrhotic patients.Methods:Clinical data of 170 patients with esophageal varices confirmed by endoscopy from January 2018 to September 2019 were recorded. Liaoning score, MELD, MELD-Na score and Blatchford score were calculated when the first endoscopy was performed. These patients were followed up, and hemorrhage or re-hemorrhage within 1 year was recorded. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn and the area under curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the accuracy of 4 scoring systems in predicting high-risk EVs, hemorrhage or re-hemorrhage within 1 year after the first endoscopy and blood transfusion. Cut-off values were obtained, and groups divided by cut-off values were compared for the proportion of high-risk EVs and hemorrhage or re-hemorrhage.Results:The cut-off value of high-risk EVs in patients with cirrhosis predicted by Liaoning score was 0.45, and the AUC was 0.702 (95% CI:0.612-0.781, P<0.01), superior to MELD, MELD-Na and Blatchford score (AUC were 0.593, 0.648, 0.610, respectively). The proportion of high-risk EVs in Liaoning score ≥0.45 and <0.45 were 71.8% (89/124) and 34.8% (16/46) with significant differences ( χ2=19.442, P<0.01). The AUC of Liaoning score for predicting hemorrhage or re-hemorrhage within 1 year was 0.680 (95% CI: 0.595-0.765, P<0.01), superior to MELD, MELD-Na and Blatchford score (AUC were 0.605,0.615,0.598, respectively). AUC of Blatchford score for predicting blood transfusion was 0.775 (95% CI:0.687-0.863, P<0.01), superior to MELD, MELD-Na and Liaoning score (AUC were 0.653, 0.719, 0.631, respectively). Conclusion:Liaoning score can predict high-risk EVs, hemorrhage or re-hemorrhage within 1 year after the first endoscopy in patients with cirrhosis and is superior to MELD, MELD-Na and Blatchford score. Blatchford score can effectively predict whether cirrhosis patients with EVs need blood transfusion.

A randomized control trial of balloon compression-assisted endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for esophageal varices / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of balloon compression-assisted endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (bc-EIS) for esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis.Methods:From December 2020 to April 2021, cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices who planned to receive endoscopic treatment in the Department of Gastroenterology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University were selected and randomly divided into the trial group (treated with bc-EIS) and the control group [treated with endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL)] through computer randomization. The varices eradication rate, rebleeding rate and postoperative adverse reactions in the two groups were studied.Results:During the study, 93 cases were initially included according to inclusion criteria, among which 9 cases were excluded by exclusion criteria. Finally, 84 cases were included for data analysis, with 42 cases in each group. The esophageal varices eradication rate after the first treatment in the trial group was 88.10% (37/42), which was significantly higher than that in the control group [33.33% (14/42)] ( χ2=26.40, P<0.001). The esophageal varices eradication rate after 1 to 2 times and 1 to 3 times of treatment in the trial group were both significantly higher than those in the control group [97.62% (41/42) VS 40.48% (17/42), χ2=29.47, P<0.001; 100.00% (42/42) VS 45.24% (19/42), P<0.001]. The maximum follow-up period was 6 months, and none of the patients had rebleeding in the trial group, and the rebleeding rate in the control group was 4.76% (2/42) ( P=0.494). The incidence of thoracic and abdominal discomfort, nausea and vomiting, and abdominal distension in the trial group and control group were 26.19% (11/42) and 35.71% (15/42) ( χ2=0.51, P=0.474), 2.38% (1/42) and 7.14% (3/42) ( χ2=0.26, P=0.608), and 4.76% (2/42) and 11.90% (5/42) ( χ2=0.62, P=0.430), respectively. No other adverse events such as infection, dysphagia, perforation, esophageal tracheal fistula, esophageal stenosis, or ectopic embolism occurred in any group. Conclusion:Bc-EIS is effective and safe for the treatment of esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis, with a one-time varices eradication rate of more than 85%, and can be completely eradicated after 1 to 3 times of treatment.

Efficacy of TIPS in treatment of recurrent portal hypertension after splenectomy and devascularization in patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective:To study the efficacy, feasibility and safety of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in treatment of recurrent portal hypertension after splenectomy and devascularization in patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.Methods:Cirrhotic patients with recurrent portal hypertension after splenectomy and devascularization and presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding from August 2015 to December 2020 were studied. Thirty-nine patients were included in this study. There were 24 males and 15 females, with age of (51.56±9.08) years old. These patients were treated with TIPS by using the Viabahn stent. Intraoperative portal vein pressure, success operative rate, hemostasis rate after surgery, changes in hematological indicators and postoperative efficacy and complication rate were studied.Results:Thirty-eight of 39 patients successfully underwent TIPS shunt and 1 patient failed because of portal vein spongiosis. The success rate was 97.44%(38/39). Thirty-three patients underwent TIPS and variceal vein embolization, while 5 patients were treated with TIPS alone. Thirty-nine Viabahn stents with a diameter of 8 mm were implanted in 38 patients, of which 5 patients had the stent expanded to its nominal diameter of 8 mm. The remaining 33 patients (86.84%) had a shunt with a diameter of 6 mm. The hemostasis rate of postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding was 97.37% (37/38). The portal vein pressure and portal venous pressure gradient decreased from (31.28±6.24), (20.61±5.14) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) to (19.58±4.69), (9.24±3.07) mmHg respectively, the differences were significant (all P<0.001). All patients were followed-up for 3 to 36 months, with a median follow-up of 12 months. The postoperative rebleeding rate was 6.90% (2/29). The incidence of hepatic encephalopathy was 13.79% (4/29), and the incidence of shunt disorder was 13.79% (4/29). Conclusion:TIPS was safe, effective and feasible in treating patients with recurrent portal hypertension after splenectomy and devascularization presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Most patients obtained good clinical outcomes with a 6 mm diameter shunt.

Practicing clinical research and multidisciplinary team management of portal hypertension / 中国医师杂志

The standard management of portal hypertension and its complications is one important part in achieving the goal of eliminating hepatitis B in 2030. There existing considerable controversy on the management of clinical issues related to portal hypertension: establishing a non-invasive portal pressure prediction model is an urgent need in clinic; emergency management of variceal bleeding is in need of real world evidence; and guidance regarding the management of portal hypertension and its complications is desiderating data validation from Chinese. Designing appropriate and high-quality clinical research on portal hypertension could provide credible evidence for clinical decision, contributing to the precision implement of diagnosis and treatment decisions on portal hypertension and its complications.

Factores asociados con la enfermedad venosa crónica: estudio en 1.136 pacientes tratados por várices de miembros inferiores en una clínica especializada en Colombia / Epidemiologia das doenças venosas crônicas: um estudo de 1136 pacientes tratados por varizes de membros inferiores em uma clínica especializada na Colômbia / Factors associated with chronic venous disease: study in 1,136 patients treated for varicose veins of the lower limbs in a specialized clinic

Resumen Contexto Las várices son una condición altamente prevalente en la población general, generando motivos variables de consulta que pueden alterar la calidad de vida del paciente, con prevalencia y factores asociados variando en diferentes series. Objetivos Describir el perfil epidemiológico de pacientes que consultaron por várices, evaluando los principales síntomas y las variables asociadas. Métodos Entre 2019 y 2020, se evaluaron a 1.136 pacientes que asistieron a una consulta de cirugía vascular en un centro ambulatorio especializado. Se registraron variables demográficas, sintomatología, complicaciones y factores asociados, como índice de masa corporal, paridad e historia familiar. Resultados Se evaluaron 1.136 pacientes (79,8% mujeres y 20,2% hombres), con edad media de 53,51 años. La presencia de síntomas fue similar en hombres y mujeres; las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron úlcera, varicorragia y trombosis venosa superficial. La mayoría de los pacientes presentaba CEAP 1, 2 o 3 (n = 909), y más de la mitad tenía sobrepeso u obesidad (n = 679), con predominancia de los clasificados como C4. Sesenta y nueve por ciento tenían historia familiar positiva de várices. No hubo diferencia entre la severidad de las varices y el tiempo laborado de pies o sentado, pero hubo mayor presencia de úlcera C5 o C6 en pacientes que permanecían de pies por más de 4 horas. Conclusiones La descripción de las características de la población con várices ayuda a entender la enfermedad y a concentrar los esfuerzos en aquellos más susceptibles. Los resultados de esta investigación son semejantes a los de otras poblaciones.

Resumo Contexto As varizes são uma condição altamente prevalente na população em geral, gerando motivos variáveis de consulta que podem alterar a qualidade de vida do paciente, com prevalência e fatores associados variando em diferentes séries. Objetivos Descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes que consultaram por varizes, avaliando os principais sintomas e as variáveis associadas. Métodos Entre 2019 e 2020, foram avaliados 1.136 pacientes que compareceram a uma consulta de cirurgia vascular em um centro ambulatorial especializado. Foram registradas variáveis demográficas, apresentando sintomas, complicações e fatores associados tais como índice de massa corporal, paridade e histórico familiar. Resultados Foram avaliados 1.136 pacientes (79,8% mulheres e 20,2% homens), com idade média de 53,51 anos. A presença de sintomas foi similar em homens e mulheres; as complicações mais freqüentes foram úlcera, varicorragia e trombose venosa superficial. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava CEAP 1, 2 ou 3 (n = 909), e mais da metade tinha excesso de peso ou obesidade (n = 679), com predominância dos classificados como C4. Sessenta e nove por cento tinham histórico familiar positivo de veias varicosas. Não houve diferença entre a gravidade das varizes e o tempo gasto em pé ou sentado, mas havia uma presença maior de úlcera C5 ou C6 em pacientes que permaneciam em pé por mais de 4 horas. Conclusões A descrição das características da população com varizes ajuda a entender a doença e a canalizar os esforços para aqueles mais suscetíveis. Os resultados desta investigação são semelhantes aos encontrados em outras populações.

Abstract Background Varicose veins are a highly prevalent condition in the general population, generating variable reasons for consultation that can alter the patient's quality of life, with prevalence and associated factors that vary in different series. Objectives To describe the epidemiological profile of patients who consulted for varicose veins by evaluating main symptoms and associated variables. Methods Between 2019 and 2020, 1,136 patients attending vascular surgery consultation in a specialized outpatient center were evaluated. Demographic variables, presented symptoms, complications, and associated factors, such as body mass index, parity and family history, were recorded. Results A total of 1136 patients were evaluated (79.8% women and 20.2% men), with a mean age of 53.51 years. The presence of symptoms was similar in men and women; the most frequent complications were ulcer, varicorrhage, and superficial venous thrombosis. Most patients showed CEAP 1, 2 and 3 (n = 909) and more than half were overweight or obese (n = 679) with a predominance of those classified as C4. Sixty-nine per cent had a positive family history of varicose veins. There was no difference between severity of varicose veins and time working in the standing or sitting position, but there was a greater presence of C5 or C6 ulcer among patients standing for more than 4 hours. Conclusions Describing the characteristics of patients with varicose veins helps to understand the disease and to focus efforts towards those who are more susceptible. The results of this research are similar to those found in other populations.

Perfil epidemiológico do tratamento cirúrgico de varizes no Brasil no período de 2010 a 2020 / Epidemiological profile of surgical treatment of varicose veins in Brazil from 2010 to 2020

Resumo Contexto As varizes são um agravo que vêm aumentando nos últimos anos e, nos casos mais graves, necessitam de tratamento cirúrgico para a resolução do quadro clínico do paciente. Apesar da sua importância, não há trabalhos epidemiológicos que englobem todo o território brasileiro de modo a demonstrar como está a distribuição das cirurgias para a correção desse agravo pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Objetivos Descrever o perfil ecológico do tratamento cirúrgico para a correção de varizes no Brasil no período de 2010 a 2020. Métodos O estudo caracteriza-se como descritivo-analítico, mediante a coleta de dados proveniente do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde. Os dados, disponibilizados pela própria plataforma, foram tabelados e categorizados de acordo com o estado, a região, o caráter do procedimento e o ano de realização. O programa BioEstat 5.3 foi utilizado para a realização do teste estatístico de qui-quadrado, sendo adotado o intervalo de confiança de 95% e o valor significativo de p <0,05. Resultados No período de 2010 a 2020, foram realizadas 755.752 cirurgias para o tratamento de varizes, sendo 292.538 unilaterais (38,71%) e 463.214 (61,29%) bilaterais. A região Sudeste foi responsável por 418.791 (55,41%) procedimentos, seguida pelo Sul, com 180.689 (23,91%). Foram registradas 40 mortes pelo procedimento no período analisado, das quais 26 ocorreram em cirurgias bilaterais (65%) e a maioria no Sudeste (24 óbitos). Conclusões Verificou-se que esse procedimento é realizado majoritariamente nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, com maior prevalência da cirurgia bilateral de caráter eletivo.

Abstract Background Varicose veins have become more common over recent years and in the most serious cases surgical treatment is necessary to resolve patients' clinical status. Despite their importance, there are no epidemiological studies that cover the whole of Brazil, showing how surgery to correct varicose veins conducted by the Unified Health System (SUS) is distributed in the country. Objectives To describe the ecological profile of surgical treatment to correct varicose veins in Brazil from 2010 to 2020. Methods This is a descriptive-analytical study of data obtained from the SUS Hospital Information System. These data were tabulated and categorized by state, region, type of procedure, and year. BioEstat 5.3 was used to conduct chi-square statistical tests with a 95% confidence interval and significance cutoff of p <0.05. Results From 2010 to 2020, 755,752 surgical operations to treat varicose veins were conducted; 292,538 were unilateral (38.71%) and 463,214 (61.29%) were bilateral. Of these, 418,791 (55.41%) procedures were performed in the Southeast region, followed by 180,689 (23.91%) in the South region. A total of 40 deaths were registered in connection with these procedures during the period, 26 of which (65%) were associated with bilateral surgery and the majority of which occurred in the Southeast (24 deaths). Conclusions It was observed that the majority of procedures are performed in the Southeast and South regions, and that bilateral elective surgery is the most prevalent.

Ablação térmica total assistida: apresentação da técnica ATTA / Assisted total thermal ablation: presentation of the ATTA technique

Resumo O tratamento da doença venosa crônica dos membros inferiores evoluiu de forma exponencial nas últimas décadas. Tais avanços permitiram o desenvolvimento de uma proposta de execução técnica sistematizada para o tratamento de ablação endovenosa com laser, a ablação térmica total assistida (ATTA). A técnica propõe um método padronizado de abordagem das veias axiais ou tributárias, varicosas ou inestéticas, de membros inferiores ou outros territórios, em regime ambulatorial ou de hospital-dia. Foram descritos os processos de preparo pré-operatório, marcação detalhada, materiais necessários, acessos venosos, anestesia, cálculo de potência e energia, a técnica de ablação, seguimento e eventos adversos. A ATTA é proposta como uma ferramenta para o tratamento da doença venosa crônica e das veias inestéticas, sugerindo possíveis expansões para as aplicações do laser, além dos troncos venosos, para toda veia passível de ser puncionada.

Abstract Treatment of lower limb chronic venous disease has progressed exponentially over recent decades. The advances achieved have made it possible to develop a proposal for a systematized intravenous laser ablation technique — assisted total thermal ablation (ATTA). The technique constitutes a standardized method for management of axial or tributary veins that are varicosed or esthetically unappealing, whether in the lower limbs or other areas, that can be performed on an outpatient or day-hospital basis. This article describes the processes for preoperative preparation and detailed marking, the materials needed, venous access, anesthesia, calculation of power and energy, the ablation technique itself, follow-up, and adverse events. The ATTA technique is proposed as a tool for treatment of chronic venous disease and of esthetically unappealing veins, suggesting possible extension of the applications for lasers beyond trunk veins to any vein that can be punctured.

Aplicabilidade do teste do degrau na avaliação da aptidão física de mulheres com sintomas de doença venosa crônica: estudo transversal / Applicability of the step test for physical fitness assessment of women with chronic venous disease symptoms: a cross-sectional study

Resumo Contexto A doença venosa crônica (DVC) pode impactar a aptidão física dos indivíduos. Algumas medidas e testes de aptidão são aplicados para avaliar essa condição em pessoas com DVC, sendo alternativas simples, rápidas e menos dispendiosas de avaliação comparadas a métodos laboratoriais. Objetivos Avaliar a aplicabilidade do teste do degrau de 4 minutos, correlacionando seus resultados com os de outras medidas e testes aplicados a pessoas com sintomas de DVC. Métodos Estudo descritivo transversal realizado com 47 mulheres ativas com sintomas de DVC, participantes de programas públicos de exercícios físicos e recrutadas por demanda espontânea. Foi realizada avaliação clínica da doença, e foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, medidas de perimetria de panturrilha e goniometria de tornozelo, teste ponta do pé e teste do degrau de 4 minutos. As mulheres já eram familiarizadas com o implemento utilizado. Resultados O teste do degrau apresentou correlações significativas (p < 0,05) com as medidas de panturrilha (r = 0,31 e 0,32), flexibilidade (r =0,48 e 0,47) e teste ponta do pé (r = 0,33 para n.º de repetições e 0,42 para velocidade de execução), além de correlação inversa com a gravidade da doença (r = -0,29). Correlações significativas também foram encontradas por faixa etária (r = 0,60 e 0,54, para perimetria de panturrilha em idosos) e por classificação nos testes e medidas (r = 0,19 para o teste ponta do pé e r = 0,29 para flexibilidade de tornozelo). Conclusões O teste do degrau se mostra aplicável, e sua utilização, em conjunto com outros testes de aptidão, permite uma avaliação mais completa de mulheres ativas com sintomas de DVC.

Abstract Background Chronic Venous Disease (CVD) can seriously impact physical fitness. Certain measures and aptitude tests can be employed to evaluate this condition in people with CVD that are simple, quick, and less expensive alternatives when compared to laboratory methods. Objectives To evaluate the applicability of the 4-minute step test, correlating its results with those of other measures and tests used with people with CVD symptoms. Methods Cross-sectional descriptive study carried out with 47 active women with CVD symptoms who participate in public physical exercise programs and were recruited by spontaneous demand. After clinical evaluation of disease stage, sociodemographic data were collected and calf circumference measurements, ankle goniometry, the tiptoe test, and the 4-minute step test were conducted. The women were already familiar with the apparatus used. Results The step test showed significant correlations (p<0.05) with calf measurements (r=0.31 and 0.32), flexibility (r=0.48 and 0.47), and the tiptoe test (r=0.33 for number of repetitions and 0.42 for speed of execution), in addition to an inverse correlation with disease severity (r=-0.29). Significant correlations were also found by age group (r=0.60 and 0.54, for calf circumference in the elderly) and by classification in tests and measurements (r=0.19 for the tiptoe test, and r=0 .29, for ankle flexibility). Conclusions The step test proved applicable and its use in conjunction with other aptitude tests offers a more complete evaluation of active women with CVD symptoms.